31.10.2020

Notes on fatty acid metabolism

Fatty acid breakdown in the adiposites.

Triacylglyceride
Lipase
glycerol
Fatty acids
Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids

Activation of tricacylglycerol lipase

7TM receptor - transmembrane domain receptor for detecting molecules outside the cell
G protein-linked-receptors
Two signal transducks cAMP and phosphatidylinositol
GTP
Perilipin -> Perilipin-P
ATGL+CA -> ATGL CA
HS lipase -> HS lipase-P
TAG-DAG-MAG+MAG lipase -> glycerol+fatty cadi

Conversion of glycerol

Glycerol
Glycerol kinase + ATP -> ADP
L-glycerol 3-phosphate
Glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase + NAD+ -> NADH-H
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate G3P
Gluconeogenesis
Also photosynth Calvin cycle intermediate (RuBP + CO2 = 2 x GP, GP + ATP + NADPH -> G3P

Lipolysis

Adipocyte triglycerides
epinephrin -> beta-adrenergic receptor -> cAMP
cAMP -> protein kinase, phosphorylates, lipase
Lipase cleaves free fatty acids from their attachment to glycerol.
FFA & glycerol -> blood, albumin

Fatty acid degradation
Beta oxidation in the cytosol or mitochondria
Oxidation -> Hydration -> Oxidation -> Cleavage -> Activated acyl and acetyl groups (-2 C-atoms)
- both have sulfur, where does the extra sulfur come from?
- Sulfur from cysteamine of Coenzyme A of cleavage step

Endothelial Cell Metabolism https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/physrev.00001.2017 Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Targets for Diabetic Endothelial Dysfunction https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.835223 Hyperinsulinemia promotes endothelial inflammation via increased expression and release of Angiopoietin-2 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0021915020303233