#OOP #### Everything is an object in ruby. Classes are objects in a ruby interpreter. Classes are object blueprints. Methods in classes shadow. To call superclass: super. #Method #### def method_name(*args) { #block } if block_given? yield end end #lookup chain , , , , #method calls #shorthand method call (1.9+) #calling objects methods ["A", "b", "foo"].map &:upcase #=> ["A", "B", "FOO"] #calling method in scope on the objects ["foo", "bar", 1].each &method(:p) #=> ["foo", "bar", 1] module Foo; def self.twice x; x * 2 end end; [1,2,3].map &Foo.method(:twice) #dynamically defined methods #### (class << obj; self; end).define_method(:mname, lambda { "do schtuff" }) #Module #### include MyModule #mixes module into class extend MyModule #mixes module into instance # require for installed gems # require uses your $LOAD_PATH to find the files. require 'pry' # require_relative for local files # equals: require (File.expand_path('path', File.dirname(__FILE__))) require_relative './planet_tests.rb' #adding directory (of this file) in LOAD_PATH $:.unshift File.dirname(__FILE__) #Array #### #delimiters %w ( 1 2 3 4 5 ) == ["1","2","3","4","5"] #Numbers #### !Representation doesn't affect the value # Hexadecimal # hex string to value "ff".hex #=> 255 "e0".to_i(16) #=> 224 integer # integer to hex 224.to_s(16) #=> e0 # int array to hex (CSS colors) (sprintf shorthand) "\#%02X%02X%02X" % [255,255,255] # => "#FFFFFF" sprintf("\#%02X%02X%02X", *[255,255,255]) # => "#FFFFFF" # int to padded string (if too small) - sprintf "%02d" % 9 # => "09" "%02d" % 29 # => "29" # map chars to/from codes >> "45".chars.map { |c| c.ord.to_s(16) }.join => "3435" (http://eval.in/17034) >> "3435".scan(/\d{2}/).map(&:hex).map(&:chr).join => "45" (http://eval.in/17035) # Binary # integer to binary 22.to_s(2) #=> "10110" " %011b" % 9 #=> "00000001001" # binary string to integer "11110".to_i(2) #=> 30 #bitwise inversion ~0b1001 #=> -10 ~20 #=> -21 #bitwise or 10 | 0b0101 #=> 15 # booleans #### # No object class or type boolean # Constant True > TRUE => true # string to boolean > eval "true" => true #Regexp #### # match atom(s) "as9ifooTTwem,as".match(/\d[a-z]+/).to_s #=> "9ifoo" "9999murble.239%" =~ /[a-z]+/; $~.to_s #=> "murble" # word count in string "at foo or at bar".downcase.scan(/\w+/).each_with_object(Hash.new(0)) {|w,h| h[w] += 1 } # Strings #### # delimiters %q(sum" string) == "sum\" string" #interpolation "Number one: #{winner_arr[0].to_s} !!" #string interpolation => "Number one: Casimir !!" # multiline string def heredoc str= <<-ADDR John Doe 12345 Boulevard City 55555 ADDR #Blocks #### #calling a block with enumerable members (from bitstring-gem) def each(&block) self.length.times { |bit| block.call(self[bit]) } self end #Proc #### Proc.new { puts "Hello!" }.call #block to proc blk = { ... }; &blk.call #File IO #### #load a file to a str # read file line-by-line File.foreach(filename_str){ |ln| ln = ln + getWord(); } # read first line of file File.open(fn) {|f| f.readline(0) } #Source files #### #set encoding of ruby source files on the first line with: #encoding: utf-8 #Rubygems #### #Setting RUBYLIB env var (if ruby cannot require gems) #in bash: export RUBYLIB="/lib/mylibs/${RUBYLIB:-""}" #ruby option flag ruby -I/lib/mylib/thislib #in ruby code (adding directory to $LOAD_PATH $:.unshift File.join( %w{ /lib mylib } ) # Debian and gems: `require': no such file to load -- mkmf (LoadError) # - install the ruby-dev package from apt to get headers sudo apt-get install ruby1.9.1-dev # Syntax Checker #### #check if the files in dir are ruby (ruby-crunchbang or .rb and passes syntax check): # encoding: utf-8 puts Dir["*"].select{ |fn| if !!`file "#{fn}"`[/text/] # non-binary? ( File.open(fn) {|f| !!f.readline[/#!.*ruby/] } || !!fn[/.rb/] ) && !!`ruby -c #{fn}`[/Syntax OK/] else false end }